Over the years, several ablation techniques, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation, and cryoablation, have been developed and implemented in the treatment of different cancers. Of these ablation technologies, RFA is the most widely used. RFA is a form of thermal ablation that relies on radio waves to produce an electrical current at the tip of an inserted electrode, thus allowing for heat production at the site of the tumor.

There is a seemingly endless list of compounds used by humans that may have psychoactive reinforcing properties underlying their repeated use; many have never been adequately studied. In a 2019 paper, the potential reinforcing properties of cotinine, a major nicotine metabolite, were investigated for the first time. To pursue this line of inquiry, cotinine was assessed using the planarian as an animal model in environmental place conditioning (EPC) also known as conditioned place preference (CPP).

Amyloid transformation under laboratory conditions is achieved by shaking an aqueous solution of any protein. The shaking time varies significantly, demonstrating the variable degree of ease of structural transformation in a given protein. The structural specificity that distinguishes amyloid forms from biologically active proteins is the flatness (two-dimensionality) of the form of each chain in the amyloid fibril.

Living cell could be considered the most sophisticated anti-entropy machinery born in the heart of the strong and ferocious pro-entropy environment of the primordial ocean full of boiling and salty water, some thirty-eight hundred million years ago on this planet. Evolution of prokaryotes with a simple cell membrane to eukaryotes and later on multi-cellular organisms, has necessitated the birth and evolution of a protective microenvironment, which could shield and secure evolution of living organisms by its sophisticated anti-entropy components

The identification of comprising cells and composition of microenvironment, which is the result of many years of work in many research labs across the globe, has made it possible to see just the tip of iceberg. The dynamic and fluid nature of microenvironment, with its tumor agonistic and antagonistic cells at one end, and its intricate communication with tumor mass, is leaving us with many unanswered questions, both conceptually and functionally. Tumor associated macrophages, tumor associated fibroblasts, B and T regulatory cells, angiogenesis factors and many other cellular, and humeral factors, comprise elements of tumor microenvironment eco-system. Tissue resident macrophages, originating from bone marrow are among the tumor antagonists. However, the most puzzling of all are tissue resident macrophages that originate from the yolk sac of embryo and dispersed in all organs.