Literature Review Open Access

Bovine mastitis: causopathology, diagnosis, treatment, and patho-pathogenesis

Abraham Belete Temesgen, Birhan Anagaw Malede, Yelak Hulugeza Mengstu, Abebech Atinafu Yehulashet, Saleamlak Abebe, Zerihun Getie Wassie, Kefale Ambachew Shiferaw

Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the bovine mammary gland caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, with pathogens primarily entering through the teat canal. Once established, they proliferate and evade host immunity, triggering complex immunological cascades mediated by bacterial toxins, proteins, and immunomodulators, which can result in increased somatic cell counts, vascular permeability, fibrosis, and systemic toxemia in severe cases.

Case Report Open Access

Divergent outcomes in twins with bilateral adrenalectomy and COVID-19: importance of stress-dose steroids

Dillon Bille

Patients with primary adrenal insufficiency require stress-dose glucocorticoids during acute illness to prevent adrenal crisis. We report twin patients with von Hippel–Lindau syndrome status post bilateral adrenalectomy who presented concurrently with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection but experienced markedly different clinical courses based on adherence to stress-dose steroid recommendations. 

Perspective Open Access

Measurable residual disease as a surrogate endpoint for overall survival in acute myeloid leukemia: a call to action

Marie-Helene Blanchet Zumofen, Vicky Huang, Kathryn Matt, Neerav Monga, Thomas Prebet, Thomas J. Prior, Bourras-Rezki Bengoudifa, Brenda Chyla, Carole Longson, Beate Wulff, Reshma Patel, Daniel Lopes de Menezes

The standardization and implementation of new endpoints are crucial for the development of novel therapeutic agents. These endpoints help streamline clinical development while maintaining high standards of care for innovative treatments, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes. 

Short Communication Open Access

Spectrum of congenital coronary artery anomalies in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review

Luke Miller, Matthew Shelly, Katelyn Graver, Nicholas Roma, Brett Cohen, Jamshid Shirani

Myocardial ischemia is a frequent finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) potentially resulting from microvascular dysfunction, extravascular compression, reduced coronary flow reserve, hemodynamic abnormalities, or concomitant atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). From June 1991 to October 2024, 40 congenital coronary artery anomalies (CCAA) were reported in 30 adults with HCM [age 18–87 (47.6 ± 19.7); 60% male; 37% obstructive; 20% apical variant].

Commentary Open Access

Integrative strategies combining oncolytic adenovirus, anti-PD-1, and chemotherapy in a 3D TNBC model

Mariangela Garofalo, Lukasz Kuryk

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant subtypes of breast cancer and is characterized by a lack of expression of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and HER2, making targeted therapies ineffective [1,2]. The limited treatment options for TNBC primarily rely on chemotherapy, and while the addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD-1 antibodies, has shown promise in other cancers, the response in TNBC has been modest [3,4]. This publication by Kuryk et al. 

Commentary Open Access

Manualized trauma-informed bereavement groups after traumatic loss: from individual psychotherapy to a structured group protocol integrating art-based containment

Kristina Ritter, Thomas Stompe

Background: Traumatic bereavement frequently combines grief-specific separation distress with trauma-related intrusions, avoidance, and dysregulation. A subgroup of patients develops persistent impairment consistent with prolonged grief disorder (PGD).This commentary outlines the clinical rationale and conceptual foundations of a manualized group program for bereavement after traumatic loss, integrating psychotherapeutic structure with art-based containment strategies.